How YANG, NETCONF, and RESTCONF Relate to CCNP Enterprise

On February 24, 2020, Cisco revamped their certification offerings, including the CCNP. The new certification paths were designed to meet the demands of modern networks, with an added emphasis on network automation and programmability. This shift introduces new protocols, new technologies, and new challenges for aspiring network engineers.

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at how YANG, NETCONF, and RESTCONF are integrated into Cisco’s CCNP Enterprise certification and how these protocols are related to network programmability.

How Automation and Programmability Shape the New CCNP Certification

With the updated Cisco certification paths, aspiring network professionals must pass two exams to earn the CCNP Enterprise certification. The first of these exams is the 350-401 ENCOR exam, which serves as the core exam, followed by a concentration exam tailored to your area of focus. These changes reflect a significant shift in Cisco’s approach to network certification, with an emphasis on network automation and programmability — skills that are increasingly in demand as network infrastructures evolve.

Cisco’s Focus on Automation

One of the most significant updates in the CCNP certification path is the inclusion of automation as a core component. Automation has become a fundamental part of modern network management due to the growing complexity of enterprise networks. Cisco’s updated certification framework recognizes this shift and focuses on validating an individual’s ability to automate and program network devices. In fact, automation now accounts for 15% of the 350-401 ENCOR exam content. This means that automation is not just a supplementary topic but a central part of the exam and, by extension, the skillset required for network engineers.

The focus on automation encompasses a wide variety of tools and protocols that streamline network operations. As part of the 350-401 ENCOR exam, you’ll need to understand various tools such as Ansible, Chef, and scripting languages like Python, which is widely used for automating network management tasks. These tools allow for the automation of repetitive tasks such as device configuration, monitoring, and troubleshooting, ultimately leading to increased efficiency and reduced human error.

Moreover, topics such as YANG, NETCONF, RESTCONF, and JSON are heavily emphasized. These protocols and data formats are essential for modern network programmability, making it crucial for you to develop a solid understanding of their roles in automation. Let’s break down why these tools and protocols matter and how they are integrated into the CCNP Enterprise certification.

Key Automation Topics for the CCNP Enterprise Exam

Python for Network Automation

Python is a core component of network automation in modern enterprise environments. It allows network engineers to automate repetitive tasks, perform configurations, and interact with APIs. Python’s syntax is simple and readable, making it accessible to beginners while still being powerful enough for advanced automation solutions.

In the CCNP Enterprise exam, Python is tested primarily in the context of writing basic scripts, using libraries, and automating network tasks. Engineers should understand variables, data types, control structures (if-else, loops), functions, error handling, and basic object-oriented programming.

Popular libraries used in network automation include:

·         ncclient: for interacting with network devices using NETCONF.

·         requests: for making REST API calls, particularly when working with RESTCONF.

·         json and xml: for parsing and manipulating data returned by APIs.

Use cases include retrieving interface statistics from routers, pushing configuration changes to switches, and creating custom scripts that automate the provisioning of new network devices. Python is also used in controller-based environments such as Cisco DNA Center or Cisco SD-WAN APIs, where automation is implemented through RESTful interfaces.

YANG (Yet Another Next Generation)

YANG is a modeling language used to define the structure of data exchanged between network devices and controllers. It is used primarily in environments where NETCONF or RESTCONF is implemented, and helps define how configuration and operational data are organized.

For example, a YANG model might define how a VLAN interface is represented in configuration data, including fields like VLAN ID, name, and IP address. This standardization ensures that tools and scripts can interact with devices in a consistent and vendor-neutral manner.

In the CCNP Enterprise 350-401 and 300-435 exams, candidates are expected to understand:

·         The purpose and role of YANG in model-driven programmability.

·         How to interpret and use YANG model trees.

·         The difference between YANG models from IETF, OpenConfig, and native Cisco models.

Engineers need to understand how to map YANG models to actual device configurations, identify leaf nodes and containers in YANG modules, and validate whether JSON or XML payloads conform to a given YANG schema. YANG plays a vital role in software-defined networking and network automation by enabling structured communication between systems.

NETCONF and RESTCONF

NETCONF and RESTCONF are protocols used for configuring and managing network devices. Both are built to interact with devices in a programmable, standardized, and efficient manner.

NETCONF (Network Configuration Protocol) is a more mature and feature-rich protocol that uses XML for data encoding. It works over a secure transport layer (typically SSH) and provides capabilities such as:

• Retrieving configuration and operational data.
• Editing configurations using <edit-config> operations.
• Using YANG models to validate and filter data.
• Performing atomic transactions with rollback capabilities.

RESTCONF

RESTCONF is a network management protocol designed to work with YANG data models over HTTP/HTTPS. It operates based on RESTful principles and uses standard HTTP methods:

• GET – to retrieve configuration or operational data.
• POST – to create configuration data.
• PUT – to replace configuration data.
• DELETE – to remove configuration entries.

RESTCONF supports both XML and JSON data formats. JSON is particularly preferred for ease of use and readability, making RESTCONF ideal for network engineers and web developers familiar with RESTful APIs and HTTP methods.

RESTCONF provides a simpler alternative to NETCONF, especially for modern environments that rely on API-driven management. RESTCONF’s ease of integration with cloud-native platforms and web interfaces makes it a popular choice in DevOps and automation workflows.

NETCONF

NETCONF (Network Configuration Protocol) is an XML-based protocol that operates over SSH. It enables device configuration, retrieval, and management in a structured way, based on YANG data models. Key NETCONF operations include:

• to retrieve all state data from a device.
• to retrieve configuration data.
• to push configuration changes to a device.
• to finalize and apply changes.
• to ensure exclusive access during configuration changes.

NETCONF supports advanced configuration capabilities like candidate configurations, rollbacks, and commit-confirmed features. These make it suitable for large-scale enterprise networks with multiple users and automation pipelines.

Comparison: RESTCONF vs NETCONF

RESTCONF is lighter and easier to use with modern applications and front-end systems. NETCONF is better suited to environments requiring strong configuration management features, transaction handling, and locking mechanisms.

Using Python for NETCONF (ncclient)

Python’s ncclient module allows direct interaction with devices using NETCONF. It simplifies the process of building XML payloads and handling responses.

Example:

from ncclient import manager

with manager.connect(

host=”10.10.10.10″,

port=830,

username=”admin”,

password=”admin”,

hostkey_verify=False

) as m:

interface_config = “””

<config>

   <interfaces xmlns=”urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:ietf-interfaces”>

     <interface>

      <name>GigabitEthernet1</name>

       <description>Configured by NETCONF</description>

     </interface>

   </interfaces>

</config>

“””

response = m.edit_config(target=”running”, config=interface_config)

print(response)

This script opens a connection, sends a payload, and modifies a device’s configuration using NETCONF and XML.

Using Python for RESTCONF (requests)

Python’s requests library is commonly used for interacting with RESTCONF APIs.

Example:

import requests

from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

import json

url = “https://10.10.10.10/restconf/data/ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=GigabitEthernet1”

headers = {

“Content-Type”: “application/yang-data+json”,

“Accept”: “application/yang-data+json”

}

payload = {

“interface”: {

     “name”: “GigabitEthernet1”,

     “description”: “Configured via RESTCONF”,

     “type”: “iana-if-type:ethernetCsmacd”,

     “enabled”: True

}

}

response = requests.put(

url,

auth=HTTPBasicAuth(“admin”, “admin”),

headers=headers,

data=json.dumps(payload),

verify=False

)

print(response.status_code)

This script configures an interface using a JSON payload. It demonstrates how to automate device configuration using RESTCONF with Python.

Using Postman with RESTCONF

Postman is a GUI-based tool for sending HTTP requests. It’s widely used for testing REST APIs and can also be used for RESTCONF interactions.

Steps:

1.  Open Postman and create a new request.

2.  Choose the method (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).

3.  Enter the URL:
https://10.10.10.10/restconf/data/ietf-interfaces:interfaces/interface=GigabitEthernet1

4.  Add headers:
Content-Type: application/yang-data+json
Accept: application/yang-data+json

5.  Add Basic Authentication with device credentials.

6.  In the Body tab, select raw and paste your JSON payload.

This provides a visual way to interact with RESTCONF APIs and observe responses, making it easier to learn and debug.

What CCNP Candidates Must Know

For both the 350-401 ENCOR and 300-435 ENAUTO exams, candidates must understand:

• The basic structure of YANG-based data models.
• The operational differences between RESTCONF and NETCONF.
• How to write and use XML payloads for NETCONF.
• How to write and use JSON payloads for RESTCONF.
• How to send and receive requests using Python and Postman.
• The best use cases for each protocol and their practical limitations.

Additionally, engineers are expected to troubleshoot payload issues, handle common HTTP errors (400, 401, 403, 404), and interpret NETCONF error messages in XML.

Real-World Use Cases

Use Case 1: Bulk Configuration with NETCONF
In a large enterprise network, hundreds of routers need to be configured with new interface descriptions. Using edit-config in a loop with ncclient, an engineer can automate the configuration of all devices in under an hour—far faster than manual CLI commands.

Use Case 2: Web Portal Integration with RESTCONF
An in-house web portal allows help desk staff to enable/disable switch ports. The portal sends RESTCONF PUT requests with JSON payloads to make changes. Since RESTCONF works with HTTP and JSON, integrating it with web-based tools is straightforward.

Use Case 3: Network State Monitoring
An automated system polls operational data such as interface status or CPU usage using RESTCONF GET requests. This data is parsed from JSON responses and visualized using a Grafana dashboard, providing real-time monitoring.

Tools and Libraries

For NETCONF:

·         ncclient (Python)

·         Cisco sandbox labs (DevNet)

·         XML editors and validators

·         Wireshark for packet analysis

For RESTCONF:

·         requests (Python)

·         Postman

·         curl

·         JSONLint or other JSON formatting tools

Understanding and using these tools effectively is essential for automation scripts, troubleshooting, and exam readiness.

JSON in Network Automation

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is the most commonly used data format for APIs and automation in modern networking. It is lightweight, easy to read, and supported across virtually all programming languages and tools.

In the context of the CCNP Enterprise and ENAUTO exams, JSON is crucial because:

• RESTCONF and REST APIs return data in JSON.
• Controllers like Cisco DNA Center use JSON for API interactions.
• Ansible playbooks often use JSON in modules and output processing.

JSON is structured with key-value pairs, lists, and nested objects. Engineers must be able to:

• Read and interpret JSON responses from APIs.
• Construct JSON payloads for POST and PUT operations.
• Extract specific data using Python (e.g., json.loads() and key referencing).
• Understand how JSON maps to YANG model structures.

A practical example would be sending a RESTCONF POST request with a JSON payload to configure a VLAN or querying device status from a controller using a GET request and parsing the returned JSON to extract interface status.

Understanding JSON is foundational for working with programmable interfaces and automating device interactions.

Ansible and Chef for Configuration Management

Ansible is one of the most popular configuration management tools in network automation due to its agentless architecture, simple YAML-based syntax, and strong community support. Unlike traditional management tools that require agents to be installed on each device, Ansible connects to devices over SSH or APIs, making it highly efficient in large-scale environments. With Ansible, tasks are defined in playbooks—YAML files that specify the tasks to be executed on the target devices.

Key Concepts in Ansible

1. Playbooks: Playbooks are at the core of Ansible. They are YAML files that define a set of tasks to be executed on one or more devices. Playbooks can be simple or complex, depending on the task requirements. A basic playbook might deploy a new configuration to a router, while a more advanced one could manage the entire lifecycle of a network infrastructure.

Example of a simple playbook:

yaml

CopyEdit

—

– name: Configure VLANs on a switch

  hosts: switches

  tasks:

– name: Create VLAN 100

   ios_config:

     lines:

       – vlan 100

Inventory Files: These files list the devices that Ansible will manage. They can be static or dynamic, depending on the environment. Inventory files allow engineers to group devices into categories and perform specific tasks on different groups.

Example inventory file:

ini

CopyEdit

[switches]

192.168.1.1

192.168.1.2

192.168.1.3

Modules: Ansible modules are reusable units of code that perform specific tasks. For network automation, there are many modules designed to interact with Cisco devices, such as ios_config for configuring devices and ios_facts for gathering information about the device.

Example using the ios_config module:

yaml

CopyEdit

– name: Configure VLAN

  ios_config:

lines:

   – vlan 10

   – name Sales_VLAN

Roles and Variables: Roles and variables are used for scalability and templating. Roles allow engineers to group tasks, handlers, and files into reusable components, making large configurations easier to manage. Variables allow engineers to parameterize playbooks, making them more dynamic and adaptable.

Example of a role definition:

yaml

CopyEdit

—

– name: Configure network settings

  hosts: all

  roles:

– { role: network_config, vlan_id: 100 }

Key Use Cases for Ansible

1. Deploying VLAN Configurations: Suppose you need to deploy the same VLAN configuration across 100 switches. Rather than manually configuring each one, you can use Ansible to automate the process, ensuring that every device gets the exact same configuration.
2. Backing Up Device Configurations: Ansible can automate the backup process by collecting running configurations from routers or switches, making it easy to maintain copies of device configurations for disaster recovery.

Example playbook to back up a configuration:

yaml

CopyEdit

—

– name: Backup router configurations

  hosts: routers

  tasks:

– name: Save running config

   ios_command:

     commands:

       – show running-config

1. Gathering Device Facts: Ansible can collect facts about devices (e.g., model, IOS version, interfaces) and use that information in conditional tasks. For instance, if a device is running a certain version of IOS, it might need a different configuration.
2. Configuration Compliance and Automation: One of the major benefits of Ansible is its ability to enforce configuration compliance. Engineers can define a desired state for their network devices, and Ansible can continuously check and enforce that state.

Benefits of Ansible

• Agentless: No need to install additional agents on managed devices.
• Simple Syntax: Playbooks are written in YAML, which is easy to read and write.
• Scalability: Ansible can manage large numbers of devices without performance degradation.
• Multi-Vendor Support: Ansible supports a wide range of networking devices from different vendors, making it suitable for heterogeneous environments.

Chef: Customization and Complexity

While Chef is more widely known in DevOps and server management, it also has a significant role in network automation. Chef uses a Ruby-based Domain Specific Language (DSL) to define “recipes” and “cookbooks,” which are used to describe how systems should be configured. Chef follows a client-server architecture, where the Chef server holds all the configuration data, and nodes (devices) pull configuration data from the server.

Chef is highly customizable, but its setup and complexity make it less beginner-friendly compared to Ansible. For network engineers, Chef’s Ruby-based DSL may present a steeper learning curve, but its flexibility makes it a powerful tool in complex environments.

Key Concepts in Chef

Recipes: Recipes are written in Ruby and define the configuration tasks for a specific resource. For example, a recipe might configure a network interface, install software packages, or manage services.

Example recipe:

ruby

CopyEdit

package ‘install_httpd’ do

  action :install

end

Cookbooks: Cookbooks are collections of recipes, files, templates, and other resources. Cookbooks are the primary way to organize configuration logic in Chef.

Chef Server and Client: Chef follows a client-server model. The Chef server holds the configuration data, while the Chef client is installed on each node (device) and pulls the configuration from the server. This architecture can be a bit more complex than Ansible’s agentless approach but offers robust features for managing large and distributed environments.

Key Use Cases for Chef

1. Automating Network Device Configuration: Chef can be used to automate the deployment of complex configurations across multiple devices, ensuring consistency and scalability.
2. System Integration: Chef can be integrated with other systems, such as cloud platforms or storage systems, to automate entire infrastructure deployments.
3. Custom Configuration: Chef’s Ruby-based DSL provides greater flexibility in defining complex configurations, making it a good choice for highly customized network environments.

Benefits of Chef

• Flexibility: The Ruby-based DSL allows for extensive customization, making Chef suitable for highly tailored environments.
• Client-Server Model: Chef’s architecture allows for a central repository of configurations, making it easier to manage devices at scale.
• Large Community: Chef has a large user community, providing access to pre-built cookbooks and resources.

Ansible vs Chef: A Comparison

Relevance to the CCNP ENAUTO Exam

For the CCNP Enterprise and 300-435 ENAUTO exams, Ansible is the primary tool of focus. Candidates are expected to understand:

• How to write and run basic Ansible playbooks for automating network configurations.
• How to use modules specific to Cisco IOS devices, such as ios_config for configuring routers and switches.
• How to pull device facts (like interface status or device model) and use them in playbooks for conditional logic.
• How to apply configuration changes across multiple devices simultaneously to ensure consistency and scalability.

Ansible’s simplicity and ease of use, combined with its robust support for network automation, make it the most popular choice for network engineers looking to automate network configurations. On the other hand, Chef’s flexibility and powerful features make it more suitable for complex, customized environments where greater control over the configuration process is necessary.

Integration of Automation Topics in the Exams

The Cisco 350-401 ENCOR and 300-435 ENAUTO exams integrate these automation topics deeply into their blueprints.

350-401 ENCOR (Core Exam): The 350-401 ENCOR exam covers automation topics in about 15% of the exam. This section tests basic scripting (Python), API concepts, JSON, and model-driven telemetry. Understanding these concepts is essential for network engineers and administrators to automate network configuration, monitoring, and troubleshooting.

Basic Scripting (Python)

Python is one of the most widely used languages in network automation because of its simplicity and ability to interact with a variety of network devices and systems. The 350-401 ENCOR exam assesses your understanding of how to use Python for network automation tasks.

• Python Syntax and Logic: You need to have a good grasp of Python basics, including variables, loops, functions, conditionals, and handling errors. These elements form the foundation for automating network tasks.
• Libraries for Automation: Python has several libraries specifically designed for network automation, such as:
  • Netmiko: A Python library that simplifies SSH connections to devices for configuration and automation tasks.
  • NAPALM: Another Python library that works with multiple vendors (including Cisco) to automate network configurations and gather device information.
  • PyEZ: A library designed for Juniper devices, enabling network automation across a range of platforms.
• Example: Here’s a simple Python script that uses Netmiko to log into a Cisco device and retrieve the running configuration:

·         from netmiko import ConnectHandler

·          

·         device = {

·             ‘device_type’: ‘cisco_ios’,

·             ‘host’: ‘192.168.1.1’,

·             ‘username’: ‘admin’,

·             ‘password’: ‘password’,

·         }

·          

·         net_connect = ConnectHandler(**device)

·         output = net_connect.send_command(‘show running-config’)

·         print(output)

In this example, Python is used to automate a simple task: logging into a Cisco device via SSH and retrieving the device’s running configuration.

API Concepts

In modern networks, APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) are increasingly used to automate interactions with network devices and services. The 350-401 ENCOR exam tests your understanding of APIs and how they are used in network automation.

• REST APIs: Representational State Transfer (REST) is a widely used architecture for building APIs. RESTful APIs are simple and use standard HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE to perform operations such as retrieving data or applying configurations.
• Understanding JSON: Many APIs, especially REST APIs, use JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) as the format for exchanging data. Knowing how to work with JSON, whether by sending data in a request or parsing a response, is crucial in network automation.
• API Authentication: Most APIs require authentication for security purposes. The 350-401 ENCOR exam may ask you to demonstrate knowledge of common authentication methods, such as Basic Authentication (username and password) or OAuth (token-based authentication).
• Example: Here’s a Python example using the Requests library to interact with a REST API:

·         import requests

·         from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

·          

·         url = “https://192.168.1.1/api/v1/device”

·         response = requests.get(url, auth=HTTPBasicAuth(‘admin’, ‘password’))

·         device_info = response.json()

·         print(device_info)

This script sends a GET request to retrieve device information from a REST API, authenticating with a username and password. The response is parsed as JSON, which is then printed.

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)

JSON is a lightweight data-interchange format that is easy for both humans and machines to read and write. In network automation, JSON is commonly used for exchanging data between systems and APIs. The 350-401 ENCOR exam tests your ability to understand and manipulate JSON data.

• JSON Structure: JSON data consists of key-value pairs, similar to dictionaries in Python. Understanding how to navigate JSON structures and extract values is essential for tasks like API interactions and device configuration automation.
• Parsing and Modifying JSON: Network automation often involves receiving or sending JSON data, and being able to parse or modify this data is key. For example, when interacting with APIs, you may need to extract specific information from a JSON response or format data in JSON before sending it in an API request.
• Example: Here is an example of JSON data and how to extract values from it in Python:

·         {

·           “device”: {

·             “name”: “Router1”,

·             “model”: “Cisco ISR”,

·             “ip”: “192.168.1.1”

·           }

·         }

Python code to extract the values:

device_data = {

  “device”: {

“name”: “Router1”,

“model”: “Cisco ISR”,

“ip”: “192.168.1.1”

  }

}

device_name = device_data[“device”][“name”]

device_ip = device_data[“device”][“ip”]

print(f”Device Name: {device_name}, IP: {device_ip}”)

Model-Driven Telemetry (MDT)

Model-Driven Telemetry (MDT) is an advanced concept in network automation that allows devices to stream real-time data to a collector based on YANG data models. This approach eliminates the need for frequent polling and provides more efficient, on-demand data collection.

• YANG Data Models: YANG is a data modeling language used to define the structure of configuration and state data in network devices. MDT uses YANG models to define the data being streamed from devices.
• Streaming Data: With MDT, devices can send real-time telemetry data, such as interface statistics (e.g., bandwidth usage, packet drops), to a collector. This data can then be used for network performance monitoring and troubleshooting.
• Example Use Case: A network operator might configure a system to stream telemetry data about network interfaces from all devices in a network to a central collector. This real-time data allows for quick identification of potential issues, such as bandwidth congestion or hardware failures, without waiting for periodic polling intervals.

Interpreting and Automating Device Interactions

The 350-401 ENCOR exam requires candidates to be able to automate interactions with network devices. This involves interpreting scripts, executing configuration changes, and troubleshooting automation tasks. You need to understand how automation scripts can be used to interact with devices, either through APIs or network protocols like SSH.

• Configuration Automation: Automating device configurations is a core aspect of network automation. For example, a Python script might automate the application of a new VLAN configuration across all switches in a network.
• Error Handling: Writing scripts that include error handling is important. For example, a script might check if a device is reachable before attempting to apply a configuration change. This ensures that errors are detected early and handled appropriately.

Preparing for Automation Topics in the 350-401 ENCOR Exam

Here are some effective strategies for preparing for the automation portion of the 350-401 ENCOR exam:

1. Master Python Basics: Ensure you have a solid understanding of Python basics, including loops, functions, and data structures. Get comfortable with libraries such as Netmiko, NAPALM, and Requests, which are essential for network automation tasks.
2. Get Hands-On with APIs: Practice interacting with network device APIs using REST APIs and JSON data. Learn how to authenticate API requests, retrieve data, and manipulate responses.
3. Understand YANG and MDT: Familiarize yourself with the concept of Model-Driven Telemetry and YANG data models. Understanding how telemetry data is collected and streamed will be valuable for the exam.
4. Practice Scripting: Write Python scripts that automate common network tasks such as retrieving device information, applying configurations, or troubleshooting issues.
5. Use Network Automation Tools: Experiment with tools such as Ansible and Chef for network automation. Although these may not be covered directly in the exam, understanding how they integrate with APIs and network devices can deepen your automation skills.

300-435 ENAUTO (Concentration Exam):

• Focuses heavily on automation and programmability.
• Tests hands-on skills in Python scripting, YANG models, RESTCONF, NETCONF, and Ansible.
• Includes topics like version control (Git), CI/CD concepts, and infrastructure as code.

Together, these exams test the knowledge and skills necessary to build and manage automated, scalable, and efficient enterprise networks. The inclusion of Python, YANG, and automation protocols prepares engineers for modern roles involving SDN, cloud networking, and DevNet workflows.

Automation has become more than a niche skill, it is now a critical competency for any network engineer working in today’s hybrid and cloud-connected enterprise environments. Cisco’s updated certification framework ensures that professionals are well-equipped to build the networks of the future using automation tools and programmable interfaces.

One of the key areas tested in the 300-435 ENAUTO exam is network device programmability, which accounts for 20% of the exam content. This topic is essential for understanding how to apply automation to network configurations, enabling you to automate tasks like device setup, configuration updates, and troubleshooting. In practice, this could mean using tools like NETCONF and RESTCONF to programmatically manage network devices or using Python scripts to interface with devices via APIs.

This specialization will be incredibly valuable for network engineers as businesses increasingly rely on automation to improve network efficiency and scalability. With automation becoming the norm in modern networks, the demand for professionals with these skills is only expected to grow. The 300-435 ENAUTO exam serves as a great way to gain expertise in automation and network programmability, making it a crucial step for anyone pursuing a career in network automation.

Preparing for the Cisco Exam

Successfully passing the CCNP Enterprise exams requires a combination of dedication, hard work, and strategic preparation. With the emphasis on network automation and programmability, it is important to familiarize yourself with the latest protocols, technologies, and best practices to ensure success. One of the most effective ways to ensure you are fully prepared for the exam is by using Cisco Practice Tests.

The Importance of Cisco Practice Tests

Cisco Practice Tests simulate the real exam environment, allowing you to test your knowledge on a variety of topics that will be covered in the actual CCNP Enterprise exam. These practice exams help you gauge your preparedness, familiarize yourself with the exam structure, and identify any areas where you need improvement. They typically cover topics like network automation, YANG, NETCONF, RESTCONF, Python, and various other concepts that are central to the certification. By practicing with these tests, you can build confidence and better manage your time during the actual exam.

In addition to simulating the exam format, Cisco Practice Tests can help you get a feel for the types of questions you will encounter. This allows you to focus your efforts on areas that are more likely to be tested and develop strategies for answering questions more efficiently. By analyzing your results, you can also track your progress, ensuring that you’re making the right strides in your preparation.

Leveraging Cisco Dumps for Exam Preparation

Another useful tool in your preparation is Cisco Dumps, which are collections of past exam questions and answers. These dumps provide insights into the types of questions that have appeared on previous exams, and they can help you become more comfortable with the subject matter. Although they shouldn’t be the sole method of preparation, Cisco Dumps can serve as a supplementary resource to practice exam-style questions.

When using Cisco Dumps, it is important to focus on understanding the concepts behind the questions rather than simply memorizing the answers. This deeper understanding will help you retain the information and apply it to real-world scenarios. Dumps can be particularly beneficial when trying to refine your time management skills, they allow you to work under exam-like conditions.

Studying Cisco Certification Guides

In addition to practice exams and dumps, reviewing Cisco certification study guides is a crucial part of your preparation. These study guides provide in-depth coverage of the exam topics and offer useful tips and strategies to help you succeed. They typically include detailed explanations of YANG, NETCONF, RESTCONF, Python programming, and other key areas, helping you build a solid foundation of knowledge. Using these guides alongside practice tests allows you to reinforce your understanding and fill in any knowledge gaps.

The study guides are often organized by exam objectives, making it easier to track your progress and stay organized. You can also use these guides to explore additional resources, such as video tutorials, webinars, and hands-on labs, which can enhance your learning experience.

Joining Study Groups and Engaging with Others

Another valuable preparation tool is joining study groups and engaging with other professionals in the field. Networking with others who are also preparing for the CCNP Enterprise exam can provide valuable insights and perspectives on challenging topics. Study groups offer an opportunity to share study strategies, ask questions, and collaborate on solving problems.

Participating in forums and online communities focused on Cisco certifications can also help you clarify doubts and stay motivated. These platforms provide a space for exchanging ideas, sharing resources, and getting advice from experienced professionals. Additionally, you can benefit from group discussions, as they often reveal new ways of thinking about complex topics, including automation, YANG, and NETCONF.

Practical Experience and Hands-On Labs

While theory is essential for understanding the concepts tested on the exam, hands-on experience is equally important. Practical experience in configuring network devices, troubleshooting, and using automation tools is crucial for mastering the skills needed for the exam. Cisco’s Packet Tracer and Cisco DevNet offer virtual labs that simulate real-world networking scenarios. These labs allow you to practice configuring devices, using protocols like NETCONF and RESTCONF, and automating tasks with Python.

By engaging in hands-on labs, you gain a deeper understanding of the material and build the practical skills necessary to perform well in the exam. In the context of CCNP Enterprise, configuring devices via NETCONF or automating tasks with Python will help solidify your knowledge and make you more confident in your abilities.

The Future of Network Engineering

As network automation becomes more integral to the industry, the role of network engineers continues to evolve. The CCNP Enterprise certification not only prepares you for the current demands of the job market but also equips you with the skills needed for future advancements. With YANG, NETCONF, RESTCONF, and automation tools like Ansible and Python becoming essential in network management, mastering these technologies will place you at the forefront of the next generation of networking professionals.

The industry is rapidly shifting toward automation to meet the challenges of scalability, flexibility, and efficiency. By obtaining the CCNP Enterprise certification, you are investing in your career and ensuring that you remain competitive in a field that is increasingly reliant on automation and programming. As networks grow more complex, the ability to automate routine tasks and manage networks programmatically will be invaluable.

Ultimately, preparing for the CCNP Enterprise exam with a combination of study materials, practice tests, hands-on experience, and community engagement will help you succeed. Network engineering is a dynamic field, and by continuously upgrading your skills and embracing the future of automation and programmability, you will position yourself for long-term career success.

The Role of Data Structures: YANG, YAML, JSON, and XML

Automation and network programmability require the use of data structures that computers can interpret. These structures are critical when dealing with formats like YANG, YAML, JSON, and XML. Let’s break down each one.

XML (Extensible Markup Language)

XML is one of the most common formats for encoding data. It was designed to be both extensible and generic, making it useful for a wide variety of applications. XML uses custom tags to define elements and is often used in APIs for data encoding. Here’s an example of XML data:

<?xml version=”1.0″ encoding=”UTF-8″?>

<movies>

  <movie filmID=”1″>

    <lead>Joe Actor</lead>

    <title>Learning to Learn</title>

    <genre>Comedy</genre>

    <desc>An aspiring sysadmin’s journey to certhood</desc>

  </movie>

</movies>

 XML’s ability to be both human-readable and machine-readable is one of the reasons it’s used in APIs, making it essential for network automation.

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)

JSON is another popular format for encoding API data. Unlike XML, it uses a different structure but still remains human-readable. JSON is widely used for APIs, particularly in RESTful architectures. Here’s an example of data formatted in JSON:

{

  “movies”: [

    {

      “filmID”: “1”,

      “lead”: “Joe Actor,”

      “title”: “Learning to Learn”,

      “genre”: “Comedy”,

      “desc”: “An aspiring sysadmin’s journey to certhood”

    }

  ]

}

 JSON is commonly used in web development and network automation, and it’s an essential format for Cisco certification aspirants to be familiar with.

YAML (YAML Ain’t Markup Language)

YAML, originally an acronym for “Yet Another Markup Language,” is now a data serialization standard. It’s a human-readable format commonly used for configuration files. YAML is widely used with automation tools like Ansible. Here’s how the XML example from earlier looks in YAML format:

movies:

  – filmID: “1”

    lead: Joe Actor

    title: Learning to Learn

    genre: Comedy

    desc: An aspiring sysadmin’s journey to certhood

 YANG (Yet Another Next Generation)

YANG is a data modeling language used to define data schemas. YANG is different from XML, JSON, and YAML in that it specifies how data should be structured, allowing it to be encoded in XML or JSON. YANG is particularly useful when working with protocols like NETCONF, which uses YANG data models to validate or modify configurations.

YANG is a critical concept for network engineers working with programmability tools and is directly related to Cisco certification, especially when studying network automation. Cisco also offers a variety of YANG models on GitHub for reference.

NETCONF: Automating Network Device Management

NETCONF functions on a client-server model. The NETCONF client sends remote procedure calls (RPCs) to the server (the network device), which responds with XML-encoded data. The data being transferred through NETCONF is structured in XML, providing a standardized format that can be easily parsed and processed.

The protocol operates in four distinct layers, which help define the structure and functionality of NETCONF:

1.  Content Layer: This is the core layer of NETCONF, which contains the data being managed, queried, or configured on the network device. The data in this layer is defined using YANG, a data modeling language specifically designed to model configuration and operational data for network devices. YANG enables the representation of complex data structures in a clear and understandable format, making it easier to automate network configurations.

2.  Operations Layer: This layer specifies the types of operations that can be performed on the configuration data. Key NETCONF operations include:

• Retrieve configuration or state data from a device.
• Retrieve only the configuration data, without operational state information.
• Modify or replace the configuration data on the device.
• Apply changes made to the configuration.
• Ensure exclusive access to a device’s configuration to prevent conflicts during changes.

These operations enable network administrators to perform tasks such as retrieving device configurations, making changes, and ensuring that only authorized configurations are applied.

3.  Messages Layer: This layer defines the types of messages exchanged between the NETCONF client and server. Each message contains details of the operation being performed, including the type of action (such as get, edit-config, or commit), the associated data, and any responses from the server. All messages are encoded in XML format, which is the standard used by NETCONF for representing data.

4.  Secure Transport Layer: The security of the communication between the client and server is crucial, especially when dealing with sensitive network configurations. NETCONF ensures that the communication is secure by using secure transport protocols such as SSH (Secure Shell), TLS (Transport Layer Security), or HTTP. This ensures that the configuration changes are transmitted securely, preventing unauthorized access to the devices and ensuring data integrity during the transmission process.

NETCONF is particularly useful in environments where automation and programmability are critical. It supports the automation of network device configuration tasks, which can be especially valuable in large-scale network environments where manually managing configurations can be time-consuming and error-prone. By automating tasks like configuration deployment, modification, and compliance checking, NETCONF can significantly reduce the chances of human error and improve network efficiency.

Benefits of NETCONF

1.  Automation: NETCONF allows network engineers to automate configuration management tasks, which reduces the need for manual intervention and decreases the likelihood of human errors.

2.  Standardization: Since NETCONF relies on XML for message formatting and YANG for data modeling, it provides a standardized way to manage configurations. This makes it easier to handle a wide variety of devices, regardless of vendor, in a consistent manner.

3.  Security: NETCONF ensures that data is securely transmitted over the network using protocols like SSH or TLS, protecting sensitive information and preventing unauthorized access.

4.  Scalability: NETCONF is highly scalable, allowing network engineers to manage configurations across thousands of devices without sacrificing efficiency or reliability.

5.  Flexibility: The use of YANG models provides flexibility when defining configurations. These models can be customized to meet the specific needs of the network environment.

Practical Applications of NETCONF

NETCONF is commonly used in network automation workflows to simplify and speed up tasks such as device configuration, monitoring, and compliance enforcement. It can be used in combination with automation tools like Ansible, Python scripts, or network orchestration platforms to manage large-scale networks.

For example, a network administrator might use NETCONF to configure a set of switches in a data center. Using a Python script with the ncclient library, the administrator could automatically push configuration changes to multiple devices simultaneously, ensuring consistency and accuracy across the network.

NETCONF in the CCNP ENCOR Exam

For those preparing for the CCNP ENCOR (350-401) exam, understanding NETCONF is important as it is one of the key protocols covered under the automation and programmability section of the exam. The exam tests candidates on their ability to automate network configurations, manage network devices, and interpret scripts or configuration data. NETCONF plays a crucial role in achieving this goal, so it’s essential for candidates to understand the core components of the protocol.

Key areas of focus for the exam include

• Understanding the four layers of NETCONF: content layer, operations layer, messages layer, and secure transport layer.
• Familiarity with NETCONF operations such as get, edit-config, and commit.
• Understanding the role of YANG data models in NETCONF and how they are used to define network device configurations.
• Using tools like Python’s ncclient library to interact with network devices via NETCONF.
• Knowing when to use NETCONF in a network automation workflow and how it compares to other protocols like RESTCONF.

NETCONF vs Other Automation Protocols

While NETCONF is powerful and flexible, it is not the only protocol used for network automation. Other protocols like RESTCONF and SNMP also play important roles in network management. NETCONF is more comprehensive and feature-rich compared to RESTCONF, especially in large-scale network automation. However, RESTCONF tends to be simpler and easier to use, especially for web developers familiar with HTTP and JSON.

NETCONF, on the other hand, is better suited for situations where more granular control over configurations is required and where security and reliability are a top priority. NETCONF is especially useful in environments with complex configuration management needs, such as in large data centers or service provider networks.

Exploring RESTCONF for Programmable Networks

RESTCONF is a modern protocol for network management that operates on the principles of the REST (Representational State Transfer) architecture. It is similar to NETCONF in that it allows network administrators to manage configurations and query network devices. However, RESTCONF introduces a more flexible, lightweight approach compared to NETCONF, which is based on XML and requires a more complex interaction model. RESTCONF, on the other hand, uses HTTP as its transport protocol and supports both JSON and XML data formats, making it easier to integrate with other web technologies and tools.

While NETCONF has become a standard for network management, its complexity can be a barrier for many users. This is where RESTCONF shines, it simplifies the process of network configuration management by offering a more intuitive, HTTP-based interface. As the use of RESTful APIs has exploded in recent years, RESTCONF is now increasingly adopted in the network automation world due to its simplicity and compatibility with modern web tools.

RESTCONF Methods and NETCONF Operations

Despite its simplified interface, RESTCONF provides capabilities that are similar to those of NETCONF, but it integrates them into the HTTP framework. The following RESTCONF methods correspond to the operations found in NETCONF:

1. GET—Used to retrieve information from network devices. This is equivalent to the get operation in NETCONF.

2. POST—Allows you to create new configurations or modify existing ones, similar to the edit-config operation in NETCONF.

3. PUT—Used to replace or update configurations on network devices, similar to edit-config in NETCONF, but in a more straightforward manner using HTTP.

4. DELETE—Deletes configurations or data, comparable to the delete-config operation in NETCONF.

The simplicity of these HTTP methods makes RESTCONF particularly user-friendly, especially for network engineers who may already be familiar with web development. The use of HTTP means that network automation can be more easily integrated into existing web-based tools and workflows.

RESTCONF and Automation

One of the biggest advantages of RESTCONF is its ability to seamlessly integrate with other automation technologies, such as Python. Python has become the go-to programming language for network automation due to its simplicity, readability, and powerful libraries. When combined with RESTCONF, Python can be used to automate a wide range of network management tasks, from querying network devices for information to modifying configurations.

Cisco provides sample code for using RESTCONF with Python on platforms like Cisco IOS XE, making it easier for network engineers to automate tasks such as VLAN provisioning. Python scripts can make HTTP requests to RESTCONF APIs, retrieve configuration data in JSON format, modify the data, and then push the changes back to the network device. This automation workflow significantly reduces manual configuration errors, improves efficiency, and accelerates the deployment of network services.

For example, when provisioning VLANs across a large enterprise network, a network engineer could write a Python script that interacts with a RESTCONF-enabled device. This script could automatically create, update, or delete VLANs across multiple switches, ensuring that the configuration is consistent and up-to-date without requiring manual intervention.

Benefits of RESTCONF in Network Automation

• Simplified Integration: RESTCONF’s reliance on HTTP and support for JSON make it easy to integrate into existing web-based systems and automation platforms.
• Scalability: RESTCONF is stateless, which makes it highly scalable. Each request is independent, allowing for high availability and easy distribution of workloads.
• Efficiency: With RESTCONF, tasks like configuration management and device monitoring can be automated, leading to greater efficiency and fewer errors.
• Flexibility: By supporting both XML and JSON, RESTCONF offers flexibility, allowing network engineers to choose the data format that works best for their specific use case or programming environment.
• Compatibility: As RESTCONF is based on RESTful principles, it integrates well with a wide range of tools and platforms commonly used in web development, enhancing its adoption in the network automation space.

Getting Started with RESTCONF and Python

For network engineers new to RESTCONF and Python, CiscoDevNet offers valuable resources, including sample Python scripts, guides, and tutorials on how to use RESTCONF to interact with network devices. These resources provide step-by-step instructions on how to set up your environment, authenticate with network devices, and begin automating configuration tasks.

The Python Requests Library is particularly useful when working with RESTCONF. It allows engineers to easily send HTTP requests and handle responses, making it simple to integrate RESTCONF into their Python scripts.

Final Thoughts

While traditional CLI and SNMP are still widely used, automation and programmability are transforming network management. Protocols like YANG, NETCONF, and RESTCONF are central to this transformation, and understanding them is crucial for aspiring CCNPs.

These protocols are incorporated into Cisco’s certification paths to ensure that network engineers are well-equipped for the future. If you’re preparing for your Cisco exam, reviewing Cisco practice tests or studying Cisco dumps can help you reinforce your understanding and get ready for the certification challenges ahead.

To get more details on the CCNP Enterprise certification, check out our Cisco CCNP Enterprise Core (350-401 ENCOR) training.

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