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EC2 for SysOps

7. Troubleshooting EC2 Launch Issues

So let's look at why an EC-two instance would have trouble being launched. So, if you get an instance limit exceeded error, that means that you have reached the maximum number of vCPUs per region. So when you launch an EC2 instance, it has a specific number of vCPUs, and there are limits for on-demand and spot instances for vCPUs. For example, if you use standard instances, then by default you'll have 64 V CPUs available to you. So the resolution in case you reach that limit is to launch the instance in different regions where the limits will be reset or to request AWS to increase your limits in the region. And just so you know, the vCPU-based limits only apply to instances running on demand and in spot instances. So we can see this in two ways. First and foremost, we have two limits to consider if we go to limits on the left hand side and then look at CPU. So the first one is this one, which is a standard SpotInstance request that is limited to 64 V CPUs. That means that once you reach that number, then we will have an error. And if you scroll down, there's a run on demand for all standards. So again, 64-bit CPUs. Okay. And in case you wanted to increase that limit, you could click on here to request a limit increase. There's also a way for you to calculate the vCPU limit using this calculator, but I won't go over it. And another way to look at it would be to describe the service quoted as "console," which is a very cool service. So you would go into the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, Amazon EC2, and then you would look for "standard," the keyword "standard." And as you can see, all standard Spotinstance request has 64 limits and running ondemand as well as 64 limits. And if I click on it, we can have a look at what the value and the quota value are, and then we can request a quota increase. Now, how do we know how many VCPs get launched by each instance? Well, if we go and launch an instance and choose this one, as we can see based on the instance type, if we choose, for example, T-2 micro, we have one vCPU. But if we wanted to get a larger instance, for example, C-4-8xlarge, the number of vCPUs right here is specified as 36. So we would quickly reach that limit. Okay? Insufficient instance capacity is the second type of troubleshooting issue. So if you get this error, that means that AWS does not have enough capacity to meet demand in the particular AZ where the instance is launched. This is not a problem for you; this is a problem for AWS. As a result, there are several possible solutions to this error. For example. You can wait a few minutes before requesting again in case there is more capacity added to that particular AZ, or you can, for example. Request fewer instances at a time, for example. Say you're requesting ten instances in an AZ but it's not possible, then maybe break it down into smaller requests or make a request for a different instance type, for example. something completely different, and as we can see, you can resize later. We can resize our instances, or obviously, please try to launch the request in a different AZ if that's something that is acceptable to you and finally.If the instance you launch terminates immediately, so it goes from pending to terminated, it could be one of several things: You've reached your EBS volume limits, so check this out; Your EBS snapshot, from which you're launching your instance, is corrupt; the root EBS volume is encrypted, and you do not have permission to access the KMS key for decryption; or if it's an AMI instance or backed AMI, it could be missing a part; Begin to remember all that I said to you, so the instance terminated the instance capacity and instance limit going into the exam, so that's it. I will see you at the next lecture.

8. Troubleshooting EC2 SSH Issues

Okay, so let's learn all the common issues around SSH for troubleshooting. The first one is that if you don't have the right permissions on your PM file, you're going to get an unprotected private key file error and have to fix it before being able to SSH. Also, you need to make sure that the username you provide when doing the SSH command is correct based on the OSU it's connecting to. Otherwise, you will get an error that will host keynote found," permission denied," or "connection closed" by the instance on port 22. And finally, if you get a connection timeout error via SSH, you know this is network related.So that means that your security group is not configured correctly. Or you need to check that the route table for the subnet is also not configured correctly. Maybe it's a knacko that is not configured correctly. So all these things are related to networking. Also, it's possible that the instance just doesn't have a public IPV4 address and, therefore, you can't reach it obviously.Or if your EC2 instance is doing a lot of work and is swamped and the CPU is maxed out at 100%, then the instance will sort of be unreachable and you will also get a connection timeout error. Okay, the second type of SSH, if you need to understand, is when using SSH versus EC2 two-instance connect. So we're going to do a little bit of a deeper dive into how easy it is to connect an instance. So the first one is that when you connect using SSH, we know we have a rule, and the user that has an IP that fits the inbound rule will be allowed to SSH onto your HTTP instance, and the user with a different IP will not be allowed to SSH. So this is something we already know. Things are a little different now for Easy2Connect. So your EC2 instance will have an inbound rule in which we allow a specific range of IP from AWS that corresponds to the EC2 instance connect range. So how do we get this range? We'll see this There's a JSON file available online that gives us data for a specific region. What is the IP prefix coming from the ECQ instance connect service? What does that mean? That means that a user with an IP that is completely different from that range For example, 1234 will be using the AWS API to use the EC2 two instance connect API. And then Easy to Instance Connect will be pushing a one-time SSH public key that is valid for 60 seconds onto our EC2 instance and connecting to it from this IP group that we have defined before. So this is why, when you use EC2 two-instance connect, you don't provide your SSH key. It actually pushes a one-time SSH public key onto your EC2 instance and connects directly to it. And we simply interface with the EC2 instance connect service directly. So let's have a look at all these cases in the hands on.So we have our EC-2 instance right here, and I'm going to complete the IPC4 and then launch an SSH command. So if we launch a SSH command with the right key pair and so on, we are able to log in to it because the SSH security group is open. Now if I change the permissions of my key pair file and try to run this command again, as we can see, we get a warning about an unprotected private key file. So this is not going to work. We need to first clear the revert permissions to 400 for my demo key pair file, and then you will be able to run the fetch command and log in. Okay, this is perfect. The second kind of issue is if we launch using the wrong username. So we're using right now easy to user becausewe're doing it into Amazon and X two butsay that we mistakenly think that it's Ubuntu. So we SSH to Ubuntu at the IP. Then, as we can see, we receive a response from the instance saying too many authentication failures, and then we're disconnected. The idea is that we are still accessing the instance over point 22, but then we are presenting the username Ubuntu and the key pair demo keypadPM, which is not a valid combination for my instance, and so we get an authentication error. So again we need to make sure that weare using the correct username for your operating systemand this is something you can only know byhaving a look from the AMI you are into. The other thing is around security and timeouts. So right now we have port 22 open on my security group, but if I open my security group, edit the inbound rules, and for example, delete this rule and save it, And now that we're trying to SSH into my instance, we can see that we are timing out and this is not going to work. And if you wanted a restrictive kind of rule, you could edit the invalid rule, add a rule, and then you would do SSH from my IP and then save the rule. And now, if I try again, I'm able to connect into my EC2 instance. This brings us to the EC2 two-instance connect. So as we can see right now the pageas we can see the inbound role that isavailable is SSH port 22 from my IP. So one would think that if we doEP two instance connect then it will work. But it turns out that if you do this, it will not work because the Cider range we need is not the one we have configured. So if we look at the documentation around configuration, we need to allow the SSH traffic coming from the list of IP ranges. So there is this IP address range right here that we can have a look at. And we need to look for the easy-to-instance connect block for my specific region. So let's open this IP address range. We click on download, and it's going to open the IP address range. And so we look at prefixes. And I'm going to just filter the JSON for easy instance connection. It'll be a little faster, and I'll extend everything, and this is something I'm only using in Firefox for this example. So this is why it's a little bit slow. Okay. And I'm going to look at the larvae. It's going to be even better. Okay, here we go. We're going to look for an easy way to connect an instance connect.Okay, as we can see now, we need to have a look at the instance connect IP range for the region we're in. And currently I am in the Frankfurtregion, which is EU central one. So we'll go in here, and I will look for the central one. So it's going to take a little bit of time, but I think it was just right before. Here we go, the central one. And the service is easy to instance connect. And here's the IP prefix I need to enable in my security group for the EC2 instance connect service to work. So let's go back in here into my instance security group, and then I will edit the inbound rules. And so we'll remove this rule and instead add this specific Cider block, which comes from this file we have just downloaded. So I click on save the ruleand now my source is correct. So it's going to be different, obviously, for you if you are in a different region. Then I'll test my access with EC2 instance connect, and voila. I am connected to my EC-2 instance. But of course, if I try to SSH directly into it, it's not going to work. So that's it. We've troubleshooted all of the SSH and connection issues for the ECU instance. I hope you liked it, and I'll see you in the next lecture.

9. [CCP/SAA/DVA] EC2 Instances Launch Types

We have seen that EC2 instances are virtual servers in the cloud, and so far we've been using OnDemand instances. So these were instances where we needed short workloads that had predictable pricing. But sometimes with servers, you know you're going to have them for a very long time, and you can get cost savings by saying that to AWS. So the first option is to use what's called a reserved instance. And a reserved instance needs to be used for a minimum of one year. So this is commitment, and you can use three types of reserved instances. The first one is simply called reserved instances. For longer workloads, think of a database. You'll have convertible reserved instances when you have flexible instances, so you want to change their types over time. Then you have scheduled reserve instances, for example, when you know you don't need it continuously for one year but you need it maybe every Thursday between three and 6:00 p.m. for one year. Then we have sporadic instances. They're going to have short workloads for cheap, but we can lose them; they're less reliable. And we're going to have a dedicated host where you want to book an entire physical server and control the instance placement. So why am I seeing all these things for you? Well, the exam is going to ask you questions and ask you to find the best kind of easy-to-instance purchasing option based on the case, obviously to bring the maximum amount of cost savings or to comply with some rules. So let's do a deep dive into each of those to make sure it's very clear. So the first one is easy to do on demand, where you pay for what you use. So if you have a Linux machine, you're going to be billed for each second that Linux machine is running after the first minute, and for all the other operating systems, most likely Windows, then you're going to be billed every hour your EC2 instance is running. So this is on-demand pricing. very typical of the cloud. With On Demand, you are exactly where the cloud should be. So it's expensive, but you have no upfront payments and no long-term commitment. You can terminate, stop, or restart them whenever you want. And these are recommended for short-term and uninterrupted workloads when you can predict how the application will behave. Okay. Next, we have reserved instances. So these will give you about 75% discounts compared to on-demand, and you have a reservation period. You can choose one year or three years. If you choose three years, then you're saying to AWS, Hey, I'm willing to book this instance for a longer period of time. So AWS will say OK; I will give you an even bigger discount. Now that we have the purchasing option, you can say no up front. So that means you pay monthly, partial up front, or all up front. With all that upfront, that means you're going to pay for your servers right now, today. And obviously, because you gave money to AWS today, they're very happy and they're going to give you an even bigger discount, but because it is reserved instances, you have to reserve a specific instance type. So for example, you have to say, "I want a T-2 micro or I want a C-5 X-large." These kinds of things. So these reserved instances are recommended if your application is going to be in a steady state of usage. So if you know you will need a database for the next three years, then reserving that instance will bring you huge cost savings. Now you have different flavours of reserved instances. There is the normal one that I just told you about, but you also have convertible reserved instances where you can change the EC-2 instance type over time. So you can do, for example, T 2 large, C 5 large, and R 5 4 X large; who knows? And this will give you a bit less of a discount because you can change the EC two-instance type, so up to 54% off. Then you have the scheduled, reserved instances. For example, if you just know you need to launch that simple instance within a specific time window that you reserve, So you need to have it just for a fraction of a day, a week, or a month, but you still need to commit far more than one to three years. I hope that makes sense. Next. We have spotted instances. So Spot instances are great because they can provide you the highest discount in AWS. It can be up to 90% cheaper compared to on-demand instances. But the peculiarity of the spot instances is that you can lose them at any point in time if the price you're willing to pay for them is less than the current spot price. So what this means is that the spot price changes over time, and you're saying what you're willing to pay as a maximum amount for these spot instances so you won't lose them. They're going to be, obviously, the most cost-efficient instances in AWS. But if you use them and need to use them for workloads, they're going to be resilient to failure. So what that means is that, for example, if you know you can lose your instance, you don't want to lose all your progress on your work if you lose that instance. So what types of workloads will be good for this? Well, batch jobs So data analysis once at a time, image processing So if you want to transform images, that's fine; if you somehow don't transform one, that's fine. You can retry any distributed workload later. So this is the cloud. So the servers can work together in a distributed fashion. And if one of these servers fails, the other ones will know how to react to that failure and still work together without the one that has been terminated. Or, for example, if you have a workload that has a flexible start and end time, A spot instance could be great, but one thing spot instances are really not great at is running a critical job or a database. Okay? Never ever do that. It would be disastrous. Finally, you have a dedicated host. So I'm going to read you the definition because I think it's the simplest. So an Amazon Dedicated Host is a physical server with easy-to-instance capacity, fully dedicated to your use. So we are renting an entire server in a data centre from AWS. Dedicated hosts can help you address compliance requirements and reduce costs by allowing you to use your existing server-bound software licenses. So I put it in bold: compliance requirements and server-bound software licenses, because these are keywords that can come up in the exam. Now these hosts are going to be allocated to your accounts for a three-year period of reservation. So you definitely need to be able to commit to them. They're going to be more expensive because you're getting a full server for yourself, and they're going to be extremely helpful if you have software that has a complicated licencing model or you bring your own license, or if you have strong regulatory or compliance needs and you want to make sure no other customers of AWS can use that server but you. And so, as you know, AWS shares all their servers with everyone. There is some security to ensure that you cannot see your neighbor's server. But sometimes, because of regulations or compliance needs, you need to make sure that you have the physical server to yourself. Now there's one last type of dedicated instance, which is called dedicated instances. And these are two easy instances running on hardware that's dedicated to you. And you may share the hardware with other instances in the same account, and you don't have any control over how the instance is placed. So what it means is that there is hardware dedicated to you, but you don't get access to that underlying hardware. So it's more of a soft version of "dedicated host." And I understand that this can be confusing. So as we can see on the right-hand side table, there is a difference between a dedicated instance and a dedicated host. So both allow you to use dedicated physical servers, okay? But with a dedicated host, you get per-host billing, whereas for dedicated instances, you get per-instance billing, and the dedicated host gives you a lot of access to the underlying hardware. So we get these nice server-bound licences that are available to be used on dedicated hosts because we have access to the socket cores and host ID and so on. When it comes to dedicated instances, the only thing it allows you to get is automatic instance placement. So a dedicated host is a lot more involved. This is more so when you have server-bound licenses. Dedicated instances: if you need some high-level regulatory compliance, you're saying that the hardware will not be shared with anyone else. Now, I don't think the exam will ask you the difference between a dedicated host and a dedicated instance, but it's still good to see it in this lecture. The exam will ask you to choose the right instance, and I want to compare it to a hotel just to maybe give a nice comparison. So on demand means that you can come and stay whenever you want and pay the full price. So you show up, and you get your room. But reserved. If you plan ahead and you want to stay in the hotel for a very, very long time, you're going to get a good discount because they know you're going to get a room for maybe one month. Spot instances are possible if you're a little sneaky. So you know that some hotel rooms at night are going to be empty, and you know the hotel is going to give you aggressive discounts because they want someone to stay in a hotel room, otherwise they lose that hotel room. Right? But it would be a weird hotel. But I must warn you that the hotel has the right to kick you out if they find someone who can pay more for your room than you can. So it would be a weird hotel. But hopefully that shows you what a typical spot would be like in a hotel. And finally, the dedicated host would need that. You would book the entire building of the resort for yourself because you don't have any neighbours for compliance requirements or because you have a survival license. I hope that makes sense. And finally, I'm not going to spend too much time on it, but in your own time you can look at the different price options based on spot-on-demand reserve instances. upfront, no, upfront, which shows you the types of discounts you can get based on different options. And to do so, I use an "M" for large in the region US East) to give you these prices. So that's it for this lecture. I hope that was helpful. This is something you definitely need to know going into the exam, and I will see you in the next lecture.

10. [SAA] Spot Instances & Spot Fleet

Okay, so let's do a deep dive on ECTU spot instances. So we know that with a spot instance, you can get a discount of up to 90% compared to on demand. That's a significant cost savings. And so how does that work? We define a maximum spot price that we're linked to pay for that spot instance, and then as long as the instance has a spot price that is less than the maximum price we are willing to pay, then we keep that instance. So, in the next slide, I'll show you the maximum spot price. But the hourly spot will vary based on offering capacity andso it will go up and it will go down. And if somehow the current spot price goes over the maximum price you have defined, then you have two options. And for these two options, you have a two-minute grace period. So that gives you a little bit of time to do these things. And the options can be either that you're stopping your instance, which means that you shut down everything you were doing, or that you're just stopping your instance. And so if one day the spot price goes belowyour max price and you can restart your instance andcontinue where you left it off, or if you don'tneed the date on your EC two instance, you canjust choose to terminate your instance and let it go. And then that would assume that anytime you restart your work, you can start with a fresh new EC-2 instance. So two strategies based on the type of workload you have,but you have a two minute period period to do. So the other strategy, if you don't want your spot instance to be reclaimed by AWS, is to use a spot block. And the spot block is when you block a spot instance for a specified time frame; this can be between one and six hours, and you get that block without any interruption, at least on paper because it's in the documentation, but it's really rare. In rare situations, the incident may be reclaimed. But overall, when you consider a spot block, assume that the instance will not be reclaimed. That's the whole purpose of the spot block. So when do we use spot instances where batch jobs or data analysis workloads are resolving to failures, and as I said, they're not great for critical jobs or databases? Now let's have a look at the spot instance pricing. So, this is a graph that I obtained directly from the AWS console. And as you can see here, this gives us the price for a large instance over three months in the spot zone. As you can see, there are six lines for us east one, a one, sorry, the region, and six availability zones. So six prices. So, as you can see, the spot prices vary based on the AZ you're considering. And so, as we can see, over the last three months, it has varied quite a bit. For example, if you look at the yellow line, it has varied between 0.4 and zero point 45, all the way down to almost zero point 35, let's say. And so on. And so let's assume that we are defining a user-defined maximum price to be this black horizontal bar with a dotted line, okay? And so what we see is that if the yellow line is above the dotted line, then the current spot price is going to be more than the max price we have defined. And so in this instance, right here, we're going to lose our Spot instance. So we have to terminate it or stop it. But if the price goes down, so if the yellow line goes down on our dotted line, that means that we are willing to pay that price, and so we are gaining that Spot instance in the meantime. So this is how we can optimise the cost of our workload very easily. As you can see, the on-demand price is 0 points $10 per hour, so it's really cheap. Then there's the Spot instance price, which is even lower. It's around 0.4, I would say. In that case, the Spot instance pricing represents a 60% savings. So lots of savings And obviously, if you were to define your user-defined maximum price to be something like $0.5 per hour, then no Spot instances would be reclaimed because you'd always be willing to pay more than the actual Spot instance price. So no one can predict how the price changes over time. But as you can see, it can be rather stable. It can fluctuate a little bit, but overall, itstill provides you huge savings compared to on demand. me. But as Next, how do you terminate a Spot instance? So we have to first understand how a "spot request" works for this. Let's consider a spot request. So with the spot request, you are defining how many instances you want, your maximum price you're going to pay, the launch specification, the AMI, and so on. And when your request is valid from then until then, it could be infinite, followed by the request type. And it's very important to understand that there are two types of requests you can make. one-time request for spot instances or a persistent request for post instances. So let's have a look at the difference. If it's a one-time request, as soon as your Spot Request is fulfilled, your instances are going to be launched, and then your Spot Request will go away because it was a one-time request type. So in this case, your Spot request is going to go away, and you're fine. However, if it is a persistent request type, we want this number of instances to be valid as long as the spot request is valid from to. That means that if somehow your instances do get stopped or interrupted based on the spot price, then your spotRequest will go back into action and, when things can be validated, will restart spot instances for you. So if somehow you stop a Spot instance in persistent mode and your Spot Request is still active, your Spot Request will automatically be smart enough to restart and launch an instance for you. And this is something you can also see in this diagram: I won't spend too much time on it. So what you understand from it is that if you want to cancel a spot request, it needs to be in the open state, the active state, or the disabled state. That means that, basically, it's not failed, it's not cancelled, and it's not closed. Okay? And when you want to cancel a spot request, if you take the spot request on the left-hand side and you cancel it, it's not going to terminate any instances that you have launched before. So it is still your responsibility to terminate these instances and not the responsibility of AWS. So as such, if you want to terminate Spot Instances for good and not have them relaunch, you first need to cancel the Spot Request, and then you need to terminate the associated Spot Instances. Because if you were to terminate the Spot Instances first, remember that it goes back into the Spot Request, and the Spot Request says, "Okay, you wanted six instances, but I can see you have zero right now; I'm going to launch six instances for you." So again, the right order to cancel and terminate Spot Instances is to first cancel the Spot Request to make sure that no new instances will be launched by AWS, and then you terminate the associated Spot Instances. And I'm spending a bit of time on this because this is something that can come up in the exam. Okay, next spot. Fleets. So this is the ultimate way to save money. So Spot Fleets will be a way for you to define how to get a set of spot instances and, optionally, on demand instances. That's why it's called a fleet. And the Spot Fleet will try its best to meet the target capacity with the price constraints you've defined. so it will launch from possible launch pools. So you can have different instance types and different OSes and availability zones. And so you're going to define multiple launch pools. So there are multiple instances of everything. And then the fleet will choose the best, most appropriate launch pool for you. And when your Spot Fleet either reaches your budget or reaches the capacity you wanted, then it will stop launching instances. And so you define a strategy to allocate spot instances in your spot fleet, and that's something to remember. The first one is the lowest price, and that's going to be the most popular one going into the exam, which is that the spot leads will launch instances from the pool that has the lowest price. and that gives you a lot of cost optimization. And this is a great option if you have a very short workload. You can also launch your Spot instances in a diversified manner, in which case the Spot instances will be distributed across all of the pools that you have defined, which is great for availability and long workloads because if one pool fails. Then your other pools are still active, and finally you have capacity optimised to launch with the optimal capacity based on the number of instances and choose the right pool for that. So the idea is that Spot feeds can be complicated, but what you have to remember is that using the Spot fleet, you're able to define multiple launch pools and multiple instance types, and so you're just interested in raw power. And then if you use the "lowest priced" strategy for spot fleets, they will automatically request the spot instances with the lowest price for us. And so Smart Fleet gives us an extra saving based on Spot instances because it's smart enough to choose the right Spot instance pool to allow us to get the maximum amount of savings, and this is the benefit of Spot Fleets. And again, you need to understand the difference between doing a very simple Spot instance request where you know exactly the type of instance you want and the AZ you want to use using the Spot fleet and saying, "Okay, you can choose all these instance types and all these AZ, and what I need from you is to give me the lowest price, for example, okay?" So that's hopefully giving you a lot of insight into how spot fleets and spot instances are different. I hope you enjoyed this lecture, and I will see you in the next lecture.

11. [SAA] EC2 Instances Launch Types Hands On

So, let's take a look at all the different ways we can launch our EC2 instances, starting with a spot request on the left. I click on a spot request, and we can have a look at the pricing history for our EC2 instances. So, for example, if we look at a C3, or a C4 large, you're running Linux, Unix, and I'm going to look at the three-month range. Based on April, we can see how the price has evolved over time. May. June, with the on-demand price as a black bar right here, and then based on the various AZs. As we can see, the price has been quite low and quite stable, depending on the different ranges you're looking at. You're looking at savings of around 69% to 70% for this type of instance, so huge savings if you're using a Spot instance of type C (large).So how do we request a Spot instance? Well, we click on Request Spot instances, and we have a different workload that we can specify. It was to give us some recommendations. It could be a load-balanced workload for running web applications, a flexible workload for running batch jobs, a big data workload for performing MapReduce jobs, or a workload with a defined duration. This is a Spot block, and you can choose between 1 hour and 6 hours to just make sure that your Spot instance will not be terminated during that time frame. So we'll keep it as load-balancing workloads, and then we can specify how to configure your instances. So it's possible for you to create a launch template, which is the same thing that we see in auto-scaling groups and specifies how the instance will be launched, and you can select one if one was created and choose a version, or you can just specify all the options such as the AMI as well as the minimum compute units. For example, this one is an instance type, and then the network, the availability zone, the key pair you want to launch it, and then the total target capacity, for example, six instances that we want to have running the Spot fleet, or you can select either instances or vCPU if all you're looking at, for example, is to launch 24 CPU for vCPU of capacity. So you might want to keep a target capacity for replacing interrupted Spot instances. You can see lots of different options for spotting instances I will not go all over them, but as you can see, I scroll down and then a fleet request is specified to me, which is to select and launch a varied type of EC2 instance from what I want. So you can see here we have C three large, t three large, m three large, c four large, t two large, and R three large. Okay, and this is a strong fleet because in case one of them goes down, it will be reassigned later, and this looks good, but we can also choose our own easy-to-instance types if we wanted to, so we'll apply these recommendations. Do we want to roll after we scroll down? And then the total capacity if we look at our fleet request now is 24 vCPU, which is great. We can have a look at the instance configuration. The fleet strength is strong because we are choosing from 18 different instance pools, so six instance types in three different AZs. So that's 18 instance pools right here, and the estimated price gives us a 77% saving compared to on-demand, which is quite nice if you want to launch an instance. You only need one in spot mode, then go to Instances and launch the instance. You select Amazon Linux Two and then click next TWO micro configure instance details, and here we have the option to request a Spot instance, which gives us the current price for the TWO micro, which is 0.4, and we can set a maximum price you're willing to pay for that one EC2 instance, for example 0.6, so as long as the ECU instance has a price less than this, we're good to go, and we can look at the persistent request, which is what happened Do we want to stop it instead of getting it terminated, or do we want to hibernate it to preserve the memory? Next, let's have a look at all the other options available to us. We have reserved instances, and reserved instances allow us to purchase a specific reserved instance of a specific type. For example, we can look for a C-5 large and conduct a search of all the offerings, and as you can see, we have a variety of options available to us, such as a 12-month or 13-month term, a standard or convertible type of instance, and this is all upfront, but if we scroll down, we can get all upfront. We can't get any upfront. We can get partial upfront; we say how many we want; for example, we want two of these, so I'll just have the number two in here, and then on the right hand side, you can just click on "Add to Cart" to add this reserved instance to your cart. If you click on your cart, you can have a look at what type of reserve instance you want, and then we can order it, but if you click on that, you will pay a lot of money, so I would suggest not doing this, as you can see. I believe reserve instances will be phased out soon. because now the aesthetics line may be something that's easier to use, and so this is why it's recommended to use the savings plan. So the savings plans are available here on the left-hand side, which allow you to dedicate a specific amount of dollars per hour you spend on a one-to-three-year term and give you flexibility in terms of how you want to launch your instance and instance type. Az's and so on, so we'll go over it briefly, but it gives you the option. Next we have dedicated hosts, so a dedicated host is for you to launch a host that you get access to a lower level of hardware that gives you better licensing pricing, which is why if you click on this, it will direct you to a license manager, which is a way to think in terms of licenses and not in terms of hosts, and in this case, it's going to simplify the management of your dedicated host. But if you wanted to launch a dedicated host directly from this UI you click on Allocate Dedicated Host then you would name it. You'd specify the instance family. For example C five you would specify an AZ soon this dedicated host C five we can launch multiple instance types and then a bunch of settings that you go and then you click on Allocate and you will have a dedicated host but again. I will not do this because it will cost you a lot of money. Finally, for capacity reservations, this is when you want to ensure that capacity is available within your easy-to-launch instance launch.So for example, we're saying, "Hey, I want to make sure that I have enough M five two x large available to me, so I want them to be in EU Central One and I want them to have four easy-to-instance type M five x large available to me no matter what. Okay? And then you can specify when the reservation ends manually at a specific time, and this will ensure that the instances are available to you, but you will have to pay for this reservation whether or not you launch your instances in it, okay? So that's it for this lecture. We've seen all the ways to launch UC in two instance types I hope you liked it, and I will see you in the next lecture.

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