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Unit 01 – Installation

21. Minimum Partitions

Now, when you are doing the installation, you're going to have two minimum partitions that are mandatory that you're going to deal with. One is the one I've really been focusing on, the root partition. The root partition is where the operating system, your applications, and data files are going to be stored. The other partition is called the swap, which is where your virtual memory data is going to be stored, similar to the page file programme in Microsoft. Now, if you are new to the operating systems as a whole (Windows and Linux) and you're not sure what this virtual memory is, let me give you a kind of brief description of what happens, and this is especially true if you just go back five or ten years when we had a lot less memory than we have by today's standards. So you have a programme that's running that needs X amount of memory, not hard drive space, but I'm talking about RAM memory, to be able to run. What happens now is that your programme requires X, another programme requires Y, and perhaps if you add X and Y together, they require more memory than you actually have available. So what happens is that the virtual memory manager comes in and lets you think you have as much memory as you need, when in reality you don't. But what it does is take some of what you want to use in memory and store it on a file on the hard drive. That's the page file, or in this case, what we're going to be putting in the swap partition. Now, if your programme suddenly says, I need this data that I put into memory," and the Virtual Memory Manager says, "Oh, I put that on the hard drive," it goes out there, creates what's called a page fault, grabs that stuff off the hard drive, and brings it back up to the memory so it's there as though it was there this entire time. It's just a magic trick to trick an application into thinking it has as much memory as it needs to be able to run. So that's why you also need to have that partition for the swap files that you would be using in Linux. Now, you can choose to put these on the same or separate physical disks. Remember that if you do decide to create multiple partitions, you don't gain much by putting them on the same hard drive. Multiple partitions on the same hard drive are frequently used in today's world if the goal is to have separate operating systems with their own bootable environment. if you're trying to gain performance capability by using multiple partitions. which is something people have done before. That means you have one partition on one hard drive and put another partition on a different physical disc because now you have two sets of read/write heads moving back and forth. Gathering data. writing and retrieving data instead of having just one hard drive. doing a whole lot of work trying to figure out all the different partitions that you have. So using the same disc with multiple partition schemes is the case, as I said, for the isolation or separation of operating systems. But if it's performance, they're on different desks.

22. Demo - Installing Linux

Alright, I am going to do an installation of Linux, and I'm going to be using VMware to demonstrate that mostly because I'm trying to record the process so you can see it. Now what I'm going to do is VMware I'mgoing to go to File new Virtual Machine machine Basically, follow the easy wizard here for the typical settings for setting together an installation, and I'm going to point to the disc image file, the ISO. Now when we talked about downloading, as you recall, the different types of ISO, you can see that I've downloaded some of these from Distro Watch. By downloading them, you would typically have gone through the extra step of taking these ISOs, burning them to a DVD or CD depending on their size, and then booting from that. But the nice thing about VMware is that I can just click on this Fedora Twelve that I downloaded and tell it to pretend like it's a CD or DVD Rom drive, so that's what I'm putting on there. And as I click Next I didn't have to tell it thetype of operating system now it is a part of the RedHat Linux architecture but I'm just going to say other Linux 2.6kernel and click on Next and I'll call this my Fedora Twelveinstallation just so we know the name of the virtual machine clickagain on Next and certainly don't want it to have an eightgig drive I'll give it a four gig drive and then hereit's telling me about my hardware memory usage and let's see ifI can click Customize hardware, and on memory, let's make it try to act just a little bit faster than the 256 that I'll just type it in. It's going to be faster: 512 I'll just basically double its memory. Click on Finish, and now it's going to begin the installation process. I'm going to bring it to full screen. Now one of the troubles is that you're going to see I have this on a low resolution, so some of the screen may show up off the centre so that you can't see everything that's happening, but I'm just going to let this thing go through its set-up and we'll look at some of the things that you might see. It's never exciting to watch a set up, but at least it gives you progress bars, and one of the things you'll notice that we'll discuss later are some of the initialization files, not necessarily the post, but you start seeing something like Grub showing you what's going on as it's installing. All right, so we'll let this continue on here, and I'll provide commentary as I see something. My mouse is currently disabled because it is rendering, as you can see from the start up, and I'll come back and forth as needed, and once we get it started up, we'll get ourselves logged in and move forward with using Fedora. Okay? At the very least, I have my mouseback, so we'll wait. We're hoping to see a little box pop up here and start watching a bunch of set-ups. Look at that; it actually looks like it's ready for me to go, so I'm going to click on automatic login and see if it automatically logs me in as the route. Now automatic login basically means that every time I start up this particular version of Linux, I just log this thing in. All right? Now until we get to some of the other commands and show you some of the other labs, you're probably wondering, well, how did he log in? I'm going to tell you that I think I'm logged inas the live system user but I'm going to wait andshow you the commands of how you do who am I? And switch users so you can see how you can move around, but just like that, I have installed this operating system. Now, not every installation is this easy. Remember how I said you'd have to look at your computer, at your actual hardware, to make sure you're compatible so you can do a pre-installation before installing? And it was a little bit easier because I was in the virtual machine environment, but there is an easy install of this operating system. The next thing you'll see is us moving around and exploring the different types of command lines and graphical interfaces.

23. Logging On

Finally, when you get through and you have done all the work of the installation, the next screen you see should be the one that says, "Welcome to whatever variety you're using." Please login. Now, I want you to know that not all login screens are going to be nice and graphical. Some might just have a little text box in the center, and it's got a little arrow greater than the login prompt waiting for you to log in. Others might have a nice, fancy splash screen to help get you started. It depends on the version that you have, but generally speaking, once the installation is done, you're going to have to log in. The account you're going to use is the one default account that they all have, which is called the root account. And from there, unless you're asked to create users or create a password for the root account, you're generally not even going to have a password. You get logged in, and then you go from there.

24. Demo - Logging into Debian

All right, we have a new installation of Debbie in here, and I created an account during the setup procedure. That account was called Trainer. So I'm going to add that in there, and my password was capital P at SSW, zeroR D, and I'll put that in there. Believe it or not, it's actually harder to type when you're saying the letters at the same time. That was kind of funny. All right, so I've got my username and password. It'll take me to whatever desktop is going to get created. We're waiting for that to come up there. Here we go. We've got my home folder in the location trash bin. I have up to four different desktop areas that I can play with, and it's got some menu bars setup for us like this applications menu bar that shows us some things like accessories, little utilities, and terminal, by the way. That's when you're going to use rootterminal quite often if you want to log in directly as the root instead of using the su command. I have some built-in games; maybe I should show you some of those games, some logic games, and graphics information. The new image manipulation programme allows Drawkind's version of Paint to open Office for internet connections. Instead of Firefox, they got Ice Weasel, but when you open it, it looks a lot like the Firefox Epiphany web browser, and she has some options there. Here's Open Office already installed with these sound and video programmes and utilities: audio CD extractor, movie player. If you haven't noticed, what's really cool about this stuff? Here we go. Image manipulation software is free, as is open Office and drawing. Internet Explorer stuff is free. Oh, I shouldn't say that. Web Explorer. That's better. Office Calculator, Draw Impress for creating what we'd call PowerPoints, and Presentations Writer are all free. The email client calendar is free, as is the movie player. This is one of the things that really excites people about using Linux: the open source community has made so many utilities available for you that you can really have a system for relatively just the cost of the hardware, and you can compete with any of the big boys on a workstation-by-workstation basis and have a lot of cool stuff ready to use. All right, so that's the first part of it there, just showing you have a lot of applications already preinstalled, and of course you don't have to use the graphical part of it. You're going to see me spend sometime dealing with the command lines as well anyway, so it's pretty straightforward. I hope you can see that you've got a desktop; we'll talk about these extra desktops; you've got pre-built applications; you can open the command line; and you can clear your desktop if you have a bunch of windows open. Just come down here. This little taskbar will keep track. When I open this folder, the little taskbar down here keeps track of it. When I go to the next "desktop workspace number two," as they call it, I can have a bunch of other stuff open, so you probably recognize minimize, maximize, and close. It appears to be very similar to what you're used to. Then I'll go to System, and we'll go to LogoutTrainer and just log out, and I'll be right back. pretty much where we left off when we returned to Bye.

25. Unit 01 Review

Alright, so in this first unit, we talked about the basics of Linux. And now we talked about it as installing, but we described what Linux was and where its role is in today's network world, which is pretty much everywhere. Your routers, your operating systems, your servers, and so many other places—handhelds and even your phones— We talked about how you can download Linux and make some choices about which distribution of Linux you want to download to do some preinstallation tasks that you need to go through. and even talked about being able to create what we call an installation disc by taking that ISO file and burning it to a CD or DVD. and then finally going through the actual installation process, choosing the file system. We want to use the partition where it's going to be located, whether it's going to be on a live CD or actually installed on a hard drive. And then once that installation is done, you actually see that it was pretty simple to do. Then you get logged in, and you're ready to go. And that's what we're going to do after we're finished with this unit: we're going to be ready to go now with an installation, and we're going to move forward and say this is how it works. And so that's what we'll see as we move on. Get it installed, answer the questions, and make sure you have licencing issues taken care of and coverage yourself so that you aren't causing you or your company any problems. Follow the pre-installation, choose a version that you like, and I'll see you in the next couple of units. Bye.

Unit 02 - Using Linux

1. Using Linux

All right, so we're going to start off with this unit about using Linux. Now what that means is that we're basically going to get beyond logging in and talk about the components, the graphical user interface of the Windows portion, the command line, and some of the common application locations. And we want to make sure that you can feel kind of comfortable with where everything is located, what you can expect out of the different types of GUI that are out there, and some of the basic commands that you can do with your shells or the command line interface. So that's our focus, just to get started. Now we'll move further forward, of course, as we go through a lot of other information, but we have to start with the foundation. So let's get beyond the login and see what we can do to begin configuring and working with our Linux operating system.

2. Topic A: Graphical User Interfaces

Alright, so we're going to start off with what is probably the most comfortable or familiar part of any of the operating systems, and that is the GUI, what we call the graphical user interface.

3. User Interface Architecture

Now, if you look at the actual interface architecture, and we'll call it the user interface, whether it's graphical or command line, what you'll see in almost every version of Linux is that it will work with the kernel at some point. Now, in Linux, the GUI will sit on top of this application or programme known as X Windows. Now X Windows' job is to help facilitate the work between the GUI and the actual kernel of the operating system. Now I'm going to talk a little bit more about that, and it certainly has a lot different architecture than what you're going to get out of Windows. So let me go back to the shell. Granted, I know this section, as we said, was GUI, but thisbacks me up a little bit on the shell. The shell is an interactive command line component that allows you to enter commands, retrieve information, make hardware changes, mount drives, and create new files. Whatever you want to do, you can do through the shell. Literally anything you can do with the GUI can be done with the shell. In fact, we usually can't say the opposite—that you can do everything with the GUI that you can do with the shell. In reality, the command line is often the last line of: How do I get something configured anyway? It operates directly on the kernel. This is an important consideration for us because Unix and Linux are multiuser operating systems. That means that more than one person can be logged in at the same time, so each person can open their own shell, which is their own kind of virtual environment that operates with and interacts with the kernel independently of another person's shell. Now, to get that same functionality with your graphical user interface, we have X Windows. X Windows also assists us in maintaining that separation between a multi-user type of interaction, allowing multiple users to have multiple windows or graphical interfaces open and connected to the kernel via XWindows. Now X Windows is also responsible for taking information to and from the kernel, but especially for representing it to you in a graphical way. The kernel wants to just send the raw information back to your shell or to your command-line infrastructure. Windows has to draw pretty boxes and make pretty pictures and basically translate that data into a graphical environment. So the other reason for X Windows is to help facilitate the graphics that you see. Now if you take that and extend it even further, then we can also have remote users who can open up a GUI that connects through the network to X Windows and then to the kernel. So very much like a terminal service session or remote desktop, most of the work is still being done on the server running Linux, and just the information needed to draw the pictures is sent across the network to your GUI. X Windows also contributes to a great environment for remote desktop applications.

4. User Interface Architecture (Cont.)

Now I remember when Windows XP first came out. I know that a lot of these operating systems and theseones that we talk about will talk about somewhere in themiddle 90s, but it seems like it was around 93 whenI first encountered X Windows on a Unix system. And I looked at it, I stared at it, and I said, "What do I do with it?" There was no command line. I remember how flabbergasted I was. I had this pointing device—this mouse thing—sitting on the desktop, and I could make an arrow go around. I still didn't figure out what I was supposed to do with it. So when it first came out, I was a complete stranger, and I thought to myself, I don't like it. There's no command line. I don't know what these pictures do. Anyway, now I have a better picture of what it does, in that it is providing the interaction from the kernel to a graphical representation of what we're supposed to be doing. And it provides a lot more than that in the total framework. Okay? So that's the architecture. So what you see then is that a GUI is a separate programme that doesn't have to be the same as everybody else's version of Linux. It's another great thing that, because of the separation, you can have different components.

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